The escalating development of artificial intelligence and machine learning in Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems has heightened security challenges for humans. In addressing this, Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have emerged as a promising, lightweight solution to enhance the security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The imperative need for secure and low-power cryptographic devices has become evident in the IoT domain and its evolving technologies. Although IoT has enabled battery-operated devices to transmit sensitive data, it has also introduced challenges, including high power consumption and security vulnerabilities. This paper presents an exploration of the utilization of adiabatic logic with carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) for the design of lightweight IoT devices aimed at addressing these challenges. The proposed computing platform and architecture circuit, employing Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM), demonstrate the potential to enhance security and energy efficiency for IoT applications. Our research showcases highly resilient CNTFET and adiabatic logic-based SRAM-PUFs, exhibiting an ultra-low start-up power of 1.8 nw. The PUF metrics, including uniformity, reliability, and uniqueness, are 46.10%, 88.47%, and 48.84%, respectively, across a 150% process variation. In this paper, we conduct circuit simulations using 32nm CNTFET technology in HSpice to scrutinize the impact of threshold voltage fluctuations. Further post-processing procedures are executed using MATLAB software.

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Three new SRAM cells are proposed in this paper. Increasing area overhead is the major concern in SRAM design.One of the new structures is included four transistors instead of six transistors as it is used in conventional 6T-SRAM cell for very high density embedded SRAM applications. The structure of proposed SRAM employs one word-line and one bit-line during Read/Write operation. The new SRAM cell has smaller size, leakage current and power dissipation in contrast of a conventional six transistor SRAMs. A proposed 4T-SRAM cell has been simulated for 256 cells per bit-line and 128 columns cell for supply voltage of 1.2V. Furthermore, two other new structures are included 10 and 11 transistors. These new structures have been separate read and write process by changing in the structure of conventional 6T SRAM to achieve high Static Noise Margin (SNM). Using 10T and 11T SRAM cells lead to apply 512 cells per bit-line by reducing leakage current technique, while the cell is unavailable.128 columns cell array has been built to measure the operation of SRAM cell. To have low power dissipation, the supply voltage for 10T and 11T are chosen 0.32V and 0.27V, respectively. Proposed SRAM uses one read bit-line during read operation. Simulation results have been confirmed by HSPICE in 0.13um process.

In eukaryotes, translation is a fundamental step in the long pathway of protein synthesis within the cell. In this process, several proteins and factors have involved directly or indirectly, individually or in association with other elements to contact mRNA. For perfect translation, many essential modifications should be done, such as cis-splicing to remove introns and two main events for capping and poly A polymerization in 5’ and 3’ end of mRNA, respectively. Gene expression is then regulated at both translation and stability of the target mRNA molecule levels. Pumilio/FBFs (PUFs) are the main group of RNA-binding proteins which bind to the 3’-UTR of target RNA and thereby regulate the fate, stability and subcellular localization of mRNAs and adjust the translated protein level. PUF proteins have been found both in nucleus where that bind to precursor mRNA, for processing and maturation of rRNA, and in cytoplasm where that bind to mRNA, stall the ribosomes, suppress the translation and localization of the mRNA. They can regulate the expression of mRNAs through activation or suppression of translation. Therefore, these proteins have recently garnered much attention as new generation of therapeutic targets against diseases such as cancer and neurological disorders. In comparison to other eukaryotes, trypanosomatids have a high number of PUF proteins, which function not only as gene expression regulatory factors but also in several biological processes such as differentiation and life-cycle progression of the cells. Here, we review the molecular and biological roles of known PUF proteins in TriTryp parasites (Trypanosome brucei, T. cruzi and Leishmania) beside some other parasites.

Sago industry is one of the major small-scale sectors in India and over 800 units are located in the southern State of Tamilnadu. Processing of sago generates enormous quantities of high strength wastewater requiring systematic treatment prior to disposal. The present study is an attempt to treat the sago wastewater using Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) reactor, which offers the advantages of both fixed film and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment. HUASB reactor with a volume of 5.6 L was operated at Organic Loading Rates varying from 10.7 to 24.7 kg COD/m3.day. After 130 days of startup, the reactor produced appreciable decrease in COD of wastewater and removed solids efficiently. The COD removal varied from 91-87%. While the removal of Total Solids was in the range of 61-57%, that of volatile solids varied from 70-67%. The ideal OLR for the reactor was 23.5 kg COD/m3.day. The findings of the study open up newer possibilities of design low cost and compact onsite treatment systems with very short retention periods.